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CLASS IX
Subject : English Duration 2 Hours
M.M. : 45 M
General Instructions – This paper is divided into four sections :
Section A : Reading 15 Marks
Section B : Writing 15 Marks
Section C : Grammar 15 Marks
1) All sections are compulsory
2) Separate instructions have been given for each section and each question. Follow these instructions carefully.
3) Marks are indicated against each question.
SECTION – A (Reading) (15 MARKS)
Q. 1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheet : (5 marks
I have had rheumatoid arthritis since the age of 12. I can only sit on a flat surfaces. My bed, my portable commode and my wheelchair, all have to be specially made. Each time I go on a long trip, I have to take the whole entourage along. Since the stairs in my brother’s house were too steep for the wheelchair, my sister-in-law took me to look at two other places where I could stay: a student’s dormitory and a place at the back of my brother’s house,next to an apple orchard.
From a distance, the trees began to tease me with glistening spots of tempting red. As I wheeled closer, I realized that they were laden with fruit. Each cluster had 20 to 30 big apples. Yet the railings, fencing the orchard, were rusty. Except for the apples, the whole place looked quite dead.My brother had three children : two boys, ten year old Hakon and seven year old Thomas, and a three year old daughter whom we affectionately called Meiya, meaning little girl. As soon as the boys came back from school, I’d put my books and manuscripts away in the drawer. Hakon would get my wheelchair ready and push me out on an exploration. Four kids from the neighbourhood would tag along uninvited. The contingent of seven three to eleven year olds, hung round me all day.
Questions :
(a) The major drawback suffered by the author: (1M)
(i) Arthritis (ii) Polio
(iii) Rickets (iv) Maeasmus
(b) Why could author not stay at his brother’s house ?(1m)
(i) He did not enjoy good relation with his brother.
(ii) He did not enjoy good relation with his sister-in-law
(iii) There was no terrace.
(iv) The stairs were too steep.
(c) Which was the only live place ? (1M)
(i) Orchards (ii) Apples
(iii) Railings (iv) Dormitory
(d) How many children did his brother have? (1m)
(i) One (ii) Two
(iii) Three (iv) Four
(e) Choose the word from the passage which means same as ‘shining’ ? (1m)
(i) Manuscripts (ii) Entourage
(iii) Tempting (iv) Glistening
Q. 2 Read the passage given below and write the option that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheets :
(5 marks)
Hundreds of spectators had gathered at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi on June 18, 2007 to witness a rare celestial events as Venus, the planet of love, played hide-and-seek with the moon. Though such occultation’s or the covering up of one heavenly body by another are routine, this one was special because it could be seen by anyone with naked eyes – there was no need for any instrument. The Nehru Planetorium and Vigyan Prasar, in association with S.P.A.C.E and Amateur Astronomer’s Association, had organized the skymatch at the royal observatory. Scientists explained that a lunar occultation happens when a celestial body appears to move behind the moon. The occultation of Celestial occurs only when the moon is in its crescent phase, reducing the moon’s glare.
The occultation occurred around 9.30 p.m but visitors had started pouring in as early as five in the evening. An arrangement has been made for watching the setting sun. Visitors could be seen queuing up in front of these instruments. The observatory Jantar Mantar was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh. All the lights at Jantar Mantar and neighbouring areas had been switched off to make it easier for visitors to take the reading on Jai Prakash Yantra till 9 p.m. There were over 250 spectators. The last such spectacle happened on April 23, 1998 when a double occultation of Jupiter and Venus occurred and could be viewed from India around 5.30 p.m.
Questions :
(a) Venus has been called as planet of : (1m)
(i) Hate (ii) Love
(iii) Anger (iv) Joy
(b) Why was this event of June 18 significant ? (1m)
(i) It could be seen with instrument.
(ii) It could be seen without instrument.
(iii) It was the first of the century.
(iv) It could be seen with naked eye.
(c) In which phase is the moon when occulation of Venus occurs ? (1M)
(i) Full moon (ii) Half moon
(iii) Crescent moon (iv) No moon
(d) What special step was taken at Jantar Mantar to make it visible ? (1m)
(i) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been made dim.
(ii) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been made brighter
(iii) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been switched off.
(iv) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been made bright.
(e) Which word in para-I means heavenly ? (1m)
(i) Spectators (ii) celestial
(iii) Lunar (iv) Occulation
Q.3 Read the passage given below and write the option that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheet.
(5 marks)
Delhi Metro’s Phase I network is spread across 65 kilometres. It has resulted in reduction of vehicular congestion, pollution levels, road accidents and even levels of fatigue among commuters. But what the Metro needs is a strong feeder service to make the system more accessible to Delhiites and for giving ridership figures a fillip. The findings among many others, are part of survey carried out by Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) and Delhi Metro’s Phase – I. Reading to the survey, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), on June 4, 2007, decided to double the number of feeder buses, which will be introduced soon. Unlike the existing feeder fleet, the 120 new CNG-run buses will be comfortable, efficient and cost effective and promise the same level of satisfaction as the trains.
The Central Road Research Institute report, which was submitted to DMRC in May 2007, quantifies the social and economic benefits of Delhi Metro System. According to the report, Delhi has already made savings to the tune of Rs.1,167.36 crore because of Metro. The figure is estimated to reach Rs. 2,072.51 crore by the end of this year. The benefits have been in terms of savings in fuel like petrol, diesel and CNG, passenger time due to faster mode, reduction in environmental pollutants and the like.
Questions :
(a) Delhi Metro has been able to reduce : (1m)
(i) Vehicular congestion (ii) Pollution levels.
(iii) Road Accidents (iv) All of the above.
(b) On June 4, 2007 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has decided to : (1m)
(i) Keep the metro trains clean.
(ii) Keep the metro stations clean.
(iii) Double the number of feeder buses.
(iv) Keep the metro fool proof.
(c) “Which are off the road” means : (1m)
(i) On the wrong side of the road.
(ii) On the right side of the road.
(iii) Taken out of the route on road.
(iv) Passage does not tell about it.
(d) Write the correct options for the following :Strong feeder service is believed to be : (1M)
(i) A network of buses plying between two destinations.
(ii) A network of tracks plying between two destinations.
(iii) A guidance from seniors to benefit the people.
(iv) It reduces fall in fuel reduction.
(e) Delhi Merto’s Phase I network is spread across: (1m)
(i) 85 Km (ii) 45 Km
(iii) 65 Km (iv) 35 Km
SECTION – B (Writing) (15 MARKS)
Q. 4. Accidents are caused almost every day by stray bulls in the city. They move here and there and disturb the people on the roads resulting some severe accidents. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner, Delhi Municipal Corporation, Delhi, complaining about the danger posed by them. You are Umang/Neha, living at 160/1, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi.
Or (6 marks)
You are very much attached to your mother as generally each and every student ,living away from home, does. You are living in Room No. 14 of Triveni Boys Hostel, Venkateshwara College, Sonepat. You can’t be with your parents on the Mother’s Day. Write a letter to your mother informing her about your inability to join them.
Q. 5. Most of the people enjoy cracking jokes by eating popcorns, chips etc in the evening during their park-walking. The garbage is found lying everywhere in the park. It destroys the park and shows lack of awareness about cleanliness among the neighbouredhood people. Write an Article on cleanliness Drive in your locality in not more than 150 words.
(6 marks)
Q. 6. Recently you attended Independence Day Celebration in your school. Hoisting of flag, March past, cultural programmes were there but you felt lack of love for the country among the participants. Write a short composition on the same in about 50 – 60 words. (3 marks)
SECTION – C (Grammar) (15 MARKS)
Q. 7. Read the dialogue and complete the passage given below. Write the correct answer in your answer-sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence. (1x3=3m)
Inspector : When did you come to the bank ?
Salesman : At about 12:30.
Inspector : How much money did you bring?
Salesman : Rs. 25,000/- . I had to deposit it for my firm.
Renu : It’s the one we took from Hotel Palm Beach.
The Inspector asked the salesman (a) ______ . The Salesman told him (b) ___________ The Inspector inquired of him (c) _________- The Salesman told him that he had to deposit Rs. 25,000/- which he had to deposit for the firm.
Questions:
(a) (i) When did he come to bank.
(ii) When does he come to the bank.
(iii) When had he come to the bank
(iv) When will he come to the bank.
(b) (i) That he will come at 12.30
(ii) That he came at 12.30
(iii) That he come at about 12.30
(iv) That he comes at about 12.30
(c) (i) How much money he has to bring ?
(ii) How much money had he brought ?
(iii) How much money he brought ?
(iv) How much money will he bring ?
Q. 8. The underlined words in the following passage have been used inappropriately. Replace them with their appropriate forms. Write your answer in your answer sheet with correct number. Don’t copy the whole passage. (1/2x6=3marks)
The tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh (a) happen on 13th April, 1919 when about 25000 people had (b) assemble to (c) hear their leaders. The British General Dyer blocked all the exits and (d) order his soldiers to open fire at the (e) peace gathering. A large number of men, women and (f) child were killed and wounded.
Questions:
(a) (i) happened (ii) happens
(iii) will happen (iv) would happen
(b) (i) assembles (ii) assembling
(iii) assembled (iv) assembly
(c) (i) having heard (ii) heard
(iii) hearing (iv) hear
(d) (i) had ordered (ii) to order
(iii) ordered (iv) were ordered
(e) (i) peacefully (ii) peaceful
(iii) very peaceful (iv) so peaceful
(f) (i) childhood (ii) childs
(iii) childrens (iv) children
Q.9. Below you can see a set of instructions for making a cup of tea without milk. Read these instructions and complete the passage given below using passive voice from the alternatives given below : (1x3=3 marks)
. Put a kettle containing water on a stove.
When water starts boiling add a teaspoon of tea leaves.
After some time add a teaspoonful of sugar.
Stir well. Take down the kettle. Filter the contents.
Throw away the leftovers.
Pour the filtered tea in a cup and serve it.
Water is taken in a kettle which is put on stove. A (a) ________ when water starts boiling. When this water (b) _____ a teaspoonful (c) ________. The contents are filtered. Finally, what is in the kettle is filtered in a cup and served.
Questions:
(a) (i) teaspoon of the leaves can be added
(ii) teaspoon of the leaves will be added.
(iii) teaspoon of the leaves is added
(iv) teaspoon of the leaves are added.
(b) (i) had started boiling
(ii) starts boiling
(iii) has started boiling
(iv) will start boiling
(c) (i) of sugar is added
(ii) of sugar are added
(iii) of sugar will be added
(iv) of sugar would be added.
Q. 10. Complete the following dialogues using the alternatives given below : (1x3=3 marks)
Mohan asked Sohan (a) _______ during the weekend. Sohan told him that he had a marvelous time. He had gone to see the National Athletic Meet. Mohan asked (b) __________ Sohan told him that there were several events such as race, discs –throw etc. Expressing surprise, Mohan inquired (c) _________ so many events.
Questions:
(a) (i) What he will have done
(ii) What he had done
(iii) What he will do
(iv) What he can do
(b) (i) how many events are held there
(ii) how many events were held there
(iii) how many events can be held there.
(iv) how many events will be held there
(c) (i) how the organizers manage
(ii) how the organizers will manage
(iii) how the organizers would manage
(iv) how the organizers managed
Q.11. Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs given in the brackets using the alternatives given below : (1/2x6=3 marks)
The master asked Supandi where he (a) _________ go in such a hurry. Supandi (b) _________ (reply) that he (c) _________ (write) aletter to his father and he (d) _________ (want) to post it. The master (e) __________ (ask) if he (f) ________ (can) show the letter to him.
Questions:
(a) (i) goes (ii) gone
(iii) had gone (iv) has gone
(b) (i) replies (ii) reply
(iii) replied (iv) had replied
(c) (i) write (ii) written
(iii) had written (iv) has written
(d) (i) wants (ii) wanting
(iii) wanted (iv) want
(e) (i) asks (ii) ask
(iii) asked (iv) asking
(f) (i) can (ii) could
(iii) can’t (iv) could be
--------------------------------------------------------
www.studycbse.weebly.com
CLASS IX
Subject : English Duration 2 Hours
M.M. : 45 M
General Instructions – This paper is divided into four sections :
Section A : Reading 15 Marks
Section B : Writing 15 Marks
Section C : Grammar 15 Marks
1) All sections are compulsory
2) Separate instructions have been given for each section and each question. Follow these instructions carefully.
3) Marks are indicated against each question.
SECTION – A (Reading) (15 MARKS)
Q. 1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheet : (5 marks
I have had rheumatoid arthritis since the age of 12. I can only sit on a flat surfaces. My bed, my portable commode and my wheelchair, all have to be specially made. Each time I go on a long trip, I have to take the whole entourage along. Since the stairs in my brother’s house were too steep for the wheelchair, my sister-in-law took me to look at two other places where I could stay: a student’s dormitory and a place at the back of my brother’s house,next to an apple orchard.
From a distance, the trees began to tease me with glistening spots of tempting red. As I wheeled closer, I realized that they were laden with fruit. Each cluster had 20 to 30 big apples. Yet the railings, fencing the orchard, were rusty. Except for the apples, the whole place looked quite dead.My brother had three children : two boys, ten year old Hakon and seven year old Thomas, and a three year old daughter whom we affectionately called Meiya, meaning little girl. As soon as the boys came back from school, I’d put my books and manuscripts away in the drawer. Hakon would get my wheelchair ready and push me out on an exploration. Four kids from the neighbourhood would tag along uninvited. The contingent of seven three to eleven year olds, hung round me all day.
Questions :
(a) The major drawback suffered by the author: (1M)
(i) Arthritis (ii) Polio
(iii) Rickets (iv) Maeasmus
(b) Why could author not stay at his brother’s house ?(1m)
(i) He did not enjoy good relation with his brother.
(ii) He did not enjoy good relation with his sister-in-law
(iii) There was no terrace.
(iv) The stairs were too steep.
(c) Which was the only live place ? (1M)
(i) Orchards (ii) Apples
(iii) Railings (iv) Dormitory
(d) How many children did his brother have? (1m)
(i) One (ii) Two
(iii) Three (iv) Four
(e) Choose the word from the passage which means same as ‘shining’ ? (1m)
(i) Manuscripts (ii) Entourage
(iii) Tempting (iv) Glistening
Q. 2 Read the passage given below and write the option that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheets :
(5 marks)
Hundreds of spectators had gathered at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi on June 18, 2007 to witness a rare celestial events as Venus, the planet of love, played hide-and-seek with the moon. Though such occultation’s or the covering up of one heavenly body by another are routine, this one was special because it could be seen by anyone with naked eyes – there was no need for any instrument. The Nehru Planetorium and Vigyan Prasar, in association with S.P.A.C.E and Amateur Astronomer’s Association, had organized the skymatch at the royal observatory. Scientists explained that a lunar occultation happens when a celestial body appears to move behind the moon. The occultation of Celestial occurs only when the moon is in its crescent phase, reducing the moon’s glare.
The occultation occurred around 9.30 p.m but visitors had started pouring in as early as five in the evening. An arrangement has been made for watching the setting sun. Visitors could be seen queuing up in front of these instruments. The observatory Jantar Mantar was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh. All the lights at Jantar Mantar and neighbouring areas had been switched off to make it easier for visitors to take the reading on Jai Prakash Yantra till 9 p.m. There were over 250 spectators. The last such spectacle happened on April 23, 1998 when a double occultation of Jupiter and Venus occurred and could be viewed from India around 5.30 p.m.
Questions :
(a) Venus has been called as planet of : (1m)
(i) Hate (ii) Love
(iii) Anger (iv) Joy
(b) Why was this event of June 18 significant ? (1m)
(i) It could be seen with instrument.
(ii) It could be seen without instrument.
(iii) It was the first of the century.
(iv) It could be seen with naked eye.
(c) In which phase is the moon when occulation of Venus occurs ? (1M)
(i) Full moon (ii) Half moon
(iii) Crescent moon (iv) No moon
(d) What special step was taken at Jantar Mantar to make it visible ? (1m)
(i) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been made dim.
(ii) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been made brighter
(iii) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been switched off.
(iv) Lights at Jantar Mantar had been made bright.
(e) Which word in para-I means heavenly ? (1m)
(i) Spectators (ii) celestial
(iii) Lunar (iv) Occulation
Q.3 Read the passage given below and write the option that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheet.
(5 marks)
Delhi Metro’s Phase I network is spread across 65 kilometres. It has resulted in reduction of vehicular congestion, pollution levels, road accidents and even levels of fatigue among commuters. But what the Metro needs is a strong feeder service to make the system more accessible to Delhiites and for giving ridership figures a fillip. The findings among many others, are part of survey carried out by Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) and Delhi Metro’s Phase – I. Reading to the survey, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), on June 4, 2007, decided to double the number of feeder buses, which will be introduced soon. Unlike the existing feeder fleet, the 120 new CNG-run buses will be comfortable, efficient and cost effective and promise the same level of satisfaction as the trains.
The Central Road Research Institute report, which was submitted to DMRC in May 2007, quantifies the social and economic benefits of Delhi Metro System. According to the report, Delhi has already made savings to the tune of Rs.1,167.36 crore because of Metro. The figure is estimated to reach Rs. 2,072.51 crore by the end of this year. The benefits have been in terms of savings in fuel like petrol, diesel and CNG, passenger time due to faster mode, reduction in environmental pollutants and the like.
Questions :
(a) Delhi Metro has been able to reduce : (1m)
(i) Vehicular congestion (ii) Pollution levels.
(iii) Road Accidents (iv) All of the above.
(b) On June 4, 2007 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has decided to : (1m)
(i) Keep the metro trains clean.
(ii) Keep the metro stations clean.
(iii) Double the number of feeder buses.
(iv) Keep the metro fool proof.
(c) “Which are off the road” means : (1m)
(i) On the wrong side of the road.
(ii) On the right side of the road.
(iii) Taken out of the route on road.
(iv) Passage does not tell about it.
(d) Write the correct options for the following :Strong feeder service is believed to be : (1M)
(i) A network of buses plying between two destinations.
(ii) A network of tracks plying between two destinations.
(iii) A guidance from seniors to benefit the people.
(iv) It reduces fall in fuel reduction.
(e) Delhi Merto’s Phase I network is spread across: (1m)
(i) 85 Km (ii) 45 Km
(iii) 65 Km (iv) 35 Km
SECTION – B (Writing) (15 MARKS)
Q. 4. Accidents are caused almost every day by stray bulls in the city. They move here and there and disturb the people on the roads resulting some severe accidents. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner, Delhi Municipal Corporation, Delhi, complaining about the danger posed by them. You are Umang/Neha, living at 160/1, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi.
Or (6 marks)
You are very much attached to your mother as generally each and every student ,living away from home, does. You are living in Room No. 14 of Triveni Boys Hostel, Venkateshwara College, Sonepat. You can’t be with your parents on the Mother’s Day. Write a letter to your mother informing her about your inability to join them.
Q. 5. Most of the people enjoy cracking jokes by eating popcorns, chips etc in the evening during their park-walking. The garbage is found lying everywhere in the park. It destroys the park and shows lack of awareness about cleanliness among the neighbouredhood people. Write an Article on cleanliness Drive in your locality in not more than 150 words.
(6 marks)
Q. 6. Recently you attended Independence Day Celebration in your school. Hoisting of flag, March past, cultural programmes were there but you felt lack of love for the country among the participants. Write a short composition on the same in about 50 – 60 words. (3 marks)
SECTION – C (Grammar) (15 MARKS)
Q. 7. Read the dialogue and complete the passage given below. Write the correct answer in your answer-sheet against the correct blank number. Do not copy the whole sentence. (1x3=3m)
Inspector : When did you come to the bank ?
Salesman : At about 12:30.
Inspector : How much money did you bring?
Salesman : Rs. 25,000/- . I had to deposit it for my firm.
Renu : It’s the one we took from Hotel Palm Beach.
The Inspector asked the salesman (a) ______ . The Salesman told him (b) ___________ The Inspector inquired of him (c) _________- The Salesman told him that he had to deposit Rs. 25,000/- which he had to deposit for the firm.
Questions:
(a) (i) When did he come to bank.
(ii) When does he come to the bank.
(iii) When had he come to the bank
(iv) When will he come to the bank.
(b) (i) That he will come at 12.30
(ii) That he came at 12.30
(iii) That he come at about 12.30
(iv) That he comes at about 12.30
(c) (i) How much money he has to bring ?
(ii) How much money had he brought ?
(iii) How much money he brought ?
(iv) How much money will he bring ?
Q. 8. The underlined words in the following passage have been used inappropriately. Replace them with their appropriate forms. Write your answer in your answer sheet with correct number. Don’t copy the whole passage. (1/2x6=3marks)
The tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh (a) happen on 13th April, 1919 when about 25000 people had (b) assemble to (c) hear their leaders. The British General Dyer blocked all the exits and (d) order his soldiers to open fire at the (e) peace gathering. A large number of men, women and (f) child were killed and wounded.
Questions:
(a) (i) happened (ii) happens
(iii) will happen (iv) would happen
(b) (i) assembles (ii) assembling
(iii) assembled (iv) assembly
(c) (i) having heard (ii) heard
(iii) hearing (iv) hear
(d) (i) had ordered (ii) to order
(iii) ordered (iv) were ordered
(e) (i) peacefully (ii) peaceful
(iii) very peaceful (iv) so peaceful
(f) (i) childhood (ii) childs
(iii) childrens (iv) children
Q.9. Below you can see a set of instructions for making a cup of tea without milk. Read these instructions and complete the passage given below using passive voice from the alternatives given below : (1x3=3 marks)
. Put a kettle containing water on a stove.
When water starts boiling add a teaspoon of tea leaves.
After some time add a teaspoonful of sugar.
Stir well. Take down the kettle. Filter the contents.
Throw away the leftovers.
Pour the filtered tea in a cup and serve it.
Water is taken in a kettle which is put on stove. A (a) ________ when water starts boiling. When this water (b) _____ a teaspoonful (c) ________. The contents are filtered. Finally, what is in the kettle is filtered in a cup and served.
Questions:
(a) (i) teaspoon of the leaves can be added
(ii) teaspoon of the leaves will be added.
(iii) teaspoon of the leaves is added
(iv) teaspoon of the leaves are added.
(b) (i) had started boiling
(ii) starts boiling
(iii) has started boiling
(iv) will start boiling
(c) (i) of sugar is added
(ii) of sugar are added
(iii) of sugar will be added
(iv) of sugar would be added.
Q. 10. Complete the following dialogues using the alternatives given below : (1x3=3 marks)
Mohan asked Sohan (a) _______ during the weekend. Sohan told him that he had a marvelous time. He had gone to see the National Athletic Meet. Mohan asked (b) __________ Sohan told him that there were several events such as race, discs –throw etc. Expressing surprise, Mohan inquired (c) _________ so many events.
Questions:
(a) (i) What he will have done
(ii) What he had done
(iii) What he will do
(iv) What he can do
(b) (i) how many events are held there
(ii) how many events were held there
(iii) how many events can be held there.
(iv) how many events will be held there
(c) (i) how the organizers manage
(ii) how the organizers will manage
(iii) how the organizers would manage
(iv) how the organizers managed
Q.11. Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs given in the brackets using the alternatives given below : (1/2x6=3 marks)
The master asked Supandi where he (a) _________ go in such a hurry. Supandi (b) _________ (reply) that he (c) _________ (write) aletter to his father and he (d) _________ (want) to post it. The master (e) __________ (ask) if he (f) ________ (can) show the letter to him.
Questions:
(a) (i) goes (ii) gone
(iii) had gone (iv) has gone
(b) (i) replies (ii) reply
(iii) replied (iv) had replied
(c) (i) write (ii) written
(iii) had written (iv) has written
(d) (i) wants (ii) wanting
(iii) wanted (iv) want
(e) (i) asks (ii) ask
(iii) asked (iv) asking
(f) (i) can (ii) could
(iii) can’t (iv) could be
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